Macrophages (connective tissue phagocytic cells) are known to enhance regeneration of the peripheral nerves by removing myelin debris. Likewise, activated macrophages have been tried in CNS injuries. Their application in spinal cord injuries has led to a significant decrease in myelin-associated glycoproteins (MAG), increased angiogenesis (blood vessel formation), Schwann cell infiltration, and axonal regeneration. In addition, activated macrophages are believed to secrete cytokines** that promote neural regeneration.
**Cytokines are chemical messengers (mediators) released by immune and inflammatory cells in certain conditions. Cytokines affect cell-cell interactions and communications, as well as cell behavior (like hormones). Cytokines include interleukins, interferons, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factors.
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